What Is Climate Engineering?
Climate engineering , also known as geoengineering or climate intervention, is generally defined as large-scale deliberate intervention in Earth systems to counteract climate change.
Traditionally, climate engineering has been used as an umbrella phrase to refer to two very different kinds of potential intervention: solar geoengineering and carbon removal. We describe both below. It is important to note, however, that there has been a growing push to more fully separate solar geoengineering and carbon removal from one another, because the two forms of intervention are quite different. The term “climate engineering” increasingly refers only to solar geoengineering approaches, with carbon removal constituting a separate category of its own or counting as a component of climate change mitigation.
To account for this shift in the way in which people talk about solar geoengineering and carbon removal, we have launched a new stand-alone initiative, the Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy, that focuses strictly on carbon removal. The Forum for Climate Engineering Assessment will continue to work on solar geoengineering and on efforts that link together solar geoengineering and carbon removal.
What Is Solar Geoengineering?
Solar geoengineering, also known as solar radiation management (SRM) or albedo modification, is a proposed method for cooling the planet by reflecting a small fraction of incoming sunlight back into space before it can warm the Earth. This could temporarily slow or even reverse global warming, although using solar geoengineering without reducing greenhouse gas emissions carries severe risks. Solar geoengineering would not directly reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, although it could have some indirect effects that could slow the rise in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Prominent proposals for implementing solar geoengineering include injecting tiny particles into the upper atmosphere (stratospheric aerosol injection) or brightening the skies over the open ocean (marine cloud brightening or marine sky brightening).
See Governing Solar Radiation Management, a recent report from our Academic Working Group on Climate Engineering Governance, for more information.
What Is Carbon Removal?
Carbon removal (CR), also known as carbon dioxide removal (CDR) or greenhouse gas removal (GGR), would remove carbon dioxide and potentially other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and lock it away for decades, centuries, or millennia. This could permanently reduce or even reverse global warming, although CDR is too slow-acting and expensive to make a significant long-term difference unless humanity also reduces its greenhouse gas emissions dramatically. Technologies for implementing CDR are sometimes called negative emissions technologies (NETs). Some prominent ideas for NETs include planting massive new forests (afforestation), capturing and sequestering carbon from biomass-fired power plants (bioenergy with CCS or BECCS), spreading crushed rocks over land or the surface of the sea to absorb carbon dioxide from the air or water (enhanced weathering), and building machines that would suck carbon dioxide directly out of the atmosphere and bury it (direct air capture).
See “Why Talk About Carbon Removal?” and technology-specific fact sheets from the Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy for more information.
What Role Might Climate Engineering Play in Climate Policy?
While some researchers hope that some kind of climate engineering might be a useful addition to the climate policy toolkit, there is a strong consensus that climate engineering is not a suitable replacement for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, reducing our greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climatic changes must remain the top priorities in climate policy.
Climate engineering remains controversial both because of significant scientific and technological uncertainty and because of the governance challenges and ethical concerns involved in research and any potential deployment. In light of those uncertainties, challenges, and concerns, the Forum for Climate Engineering Assessment does not take a position on the ultimate wisdom of using climate engineering, in general or in any particular form. Rather, the Forum is committed to promoting informed societal debate about how and whether to integrate various forms of climate engineering into the broader climate policy portfolio.